External validity is concerned with generalization of study findings to other populations. Construct validity is the degree to which an instrument is said to measure a theoretical construct or trait. B. External validity is concerned with generalization of study findings to other populations. Internal validity is the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment resulted in the observed effects. A., C., D. The fewer the threats to validity, the more likely the findings can be generalized to the larger population.
A. Statistical hypotheses, called null hypotheses, state that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Statistical hypotheses are no more complex than other types of hypotheses. Hypotheses do not describe data-analysis methods. A meta-synthesis is the synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology.
A meta-summary is the synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology. A 40-year-old male client diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol dependence has not had any visitors or phone calls since admission. He reports he has no family that cares about him and was living on the streets prior to this admission. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which stage is the client in at this time?
The research question is also called the problem statement. The research question must seek to discover a relationship between two or more variables. The research question must include the nature of the population being tested. The research question must include the possibility of empirical testing. Operational definitions are not included in the research question. B., D. These hypotheses reflect associative relationship statements and are not experimental.
This nurse is experienced handling the acute needs of obstetrical clients and would be a great resource for the next four hours in helping stabilize Marie’s condition. Marie, when more stabilized, could then be reassigned at 2300. Marie complains that she developed a headache after she sat upright on the bedpan. She tells the nurse that the headache has lessened to a dull ache after lying back down. The pain is intensified when she moves her head.

A male client is admitted to the psychiatric unit with a medical diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. During the admission procedure, the client looks up and states, “No, it’s not MY fault. You can’t blame me. I didn’t kill him, you did.” What action is best for the nurse to take? A) Reassure the client by telling him that his fear of the admission procedure is to be expected. B) Tell the client that no one is accusing him of murder and remind him that the hospital is a safe place. C) Assess the content of the hallucinations by asking the client what he is hearing.

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Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions. Within the constructivist paradigm, there are multiple realities and the participant is an active part of the study. Within the constructivist paradigm, the truth is subjective and context is as important as the perceptions of the participants. The participant is an active part of the study. C. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive.

D) Ignore the behavior and make no response at all to his delusional statements. The nurse is planning the care for a 32-year-old male client with acute depression. Which nursing intervention bests helps this client deal with his depression?
A female client refuses to take an oral hypoglycemic agent because she believes that the drug is being administered as part of an elaborate plan by the Mafia to harm her. Which nursing intervention is most important to include in this client’s plan of care? A) Reassure the client that no one will harm her while she is in the hospital. B) Ask the healthcare provider to give the client the medication. C) Explain that the diabetic medication is important to take. D) Reassess client’s mental status for thought processes and content.
Extraneous variables could affect the dependent variable and are a threat to the internal validity of the study. The independent variables are manipulated by the researcher as part of the research design. By their very nature, unexpected findings cannot be identified ahead of time and are not controlled by the researcher. The control group is part of the research design; this is not the best answer. An adult male client who was admitted to the mental health unit yesterday tells the nurse that microchips were planted in his head for military surveillance of his every move. Which response is best for the nurse to provide?
A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. A. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies conducted in the area. D. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, both groups are given a pretest, one group receives treatment, and the dependent variable is measured in one group. B. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, each group receives a pretest and then treatment or intervention, and each group receives a posttest. D. This is a report of an original study and is, therefore, the primary source of the study.
A. A critique requires knowledge of the subject matter and knowledge of how to read an article critically. A critique requires the use of previously set critiquing criteria and standards. An executive summary is a detailed summary of a large amount of data.
A male client with schizophrenia who is taking fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin decanoate) is being discharged in the morning. A repeat dose of medication is scheduled for 20 days after discharge. The client tells the nurse that he is going on vacation in the Bahamas and will return in 18 days. Which statement by the client indicates a need for health teaching?
Published and unpublished reports of research are both sources of scholarly literature. Primary and secondary sources are both sources of scholarly literature. C. Research consumers should be skeptical about the external validity of the finding. C. It is one of several hypotheses arising from a complex research question.
B) Hold all antidepressant medications until further notice. C) Ask the client if he takes St. John’s Wort routinely. D) Have the client describe any recent changes in mood.
All parts of the research process need to be understood. B. A research text is an excellent resource for clarifying unfamiliar terms. Multiple readings are necessary for a critical understanding of the study. Although underlining critical components of the study may be useful, the study’s findings are easily located in one section of the report.
A) Hamburger, French fries, and chocolate milkshake. B) Liver and onions, broccoli, and decaffeinated coffee. C) Pepperoni and cheese pizza, tossed salad, and a soft drink. D) Roast beef, baked potato with butter, and iced tea.
Bias is partially controlled with the use of a control group. C. Evidence provided by quasi-experimental studies is level III. Level I evidence is obtained from a systematic review of all randomized, controlled trials.
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Science, through research, provides evidence of the most effective nursing care. Researchers cannot manipulate, control, or randomize many phenomena of concern to nurses. Without the ability to select subjects randomly, findings cannot be generalized to larger populations.
Another term for retrospective studies is case-control studies. Another term for retrospective studies is ex post facto studies. Longitudinal studies, not retrospective studies, are sometimes called repeated measures studies. Longitudinal studies, not retrospective studies, are sometimes called cohort studies. Another term for longitudinal studies is prospective studies. Another term for longitudinal studies is cohort studies.
Psychometrics evaluates data collection instruments. Correlational studies cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. Longitudinal studies use each subject as his or her own control. The researcher was not able to manipulate the independent variable. Because it was not possible to randomly select a sample, the researcher was not able to demonstrate either the representativeness of the sample or a cause-and-effect relationship. The level of control of the independent variable is not a requisite for determining a cause-and-effect relationship.
Randomization is a means of controlling extraneous variables. Homogeneity of the sample is a means of controlling extraneous variables. The dependent variable is not manipulated by the researcher. The pilot test demonstrates the pragmatism of the research design. C. Internal validity is the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment resulted in the observed effects. Face validity is the use of expert opinion to judge the accuracy of an instrument.
C. In an experimental design, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups to control for antecedent variables. B. Hypotheses are statements about the relationships between two or more variables that suggest an answer to the research question. Hypotheses are not concerned with operationally defining the variables involved in the study. The independent variable is not affected or changed by the dependent variable.
A client who is known to abuse drugs is admitted to the psychiatric unit. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering to a client who is exhibiting benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms? What is most important to teach the client and family about this change in medication regimen?
Psychometrics is not used to determine cause-and-effect relationships. It is meta-analysis, not psychometrics, that combines data from multiple research studies and summarizes their findings. Secondary analysis is the analysis of data collected for another purpose.
“Population” is the first element of a clinical question. “Intervention” is the second element of a clinical question. “Outcome” is the third element of a clinical question. “Evaluation” is not considered one of the elements of a clinical question. D. Selective bias is built into the research design.